Newberry Township is bordered by Darke County on the west and Shelby County on the north. It is crossed by both the Stillwater River and Greenville Creek. Darke County and Shelby County were both cut from part of Miami County.

Michael Ingle located on sections 17 and 20 in 1807 and became the township's first permanent settler. He built and operated the first tannery in the township and built one of the first houses in what was to become the village of Covington.

Covington was platted in 1816. It contained 36 town lots and was located in section 30 of the township. The villages of Bradford, Bloomer and Clayton are also located within the township.

The township is crossed by numerous roadways, including the Piqua-Greenville Road (Rt 36), the Troy-Covington Pike (Rt 41),
and the Dayton-Covington Pike (Rt. 48).